Dickinson's Birds

A listening machine

dedication project overview navigation colophon sources

Sources: Poem Archive 

Archives 

The Emily Dickinson Archive, an open-access resource containing digital surrogates of the manuscripts of Dickinson’s poems and letters from the Houghton Library, Harvard University; the Amherst College Archives & Special Collections https://acdc.amherst.edu/view/EmilyDickinson; the Boston Public Library https://www.flickr.com/photos/boston_public_library/collections/72157623971742133/; and several other archives and special collections housing Dickinson manuscripts, is the primary source for the manuscript images reproduced in Dickinson’s Birds.

Grateful acknowledgment is given to the EDA as well as to the many other libraries and institutions that also contributed images of Dickinson’s manuscripts featured here:

  • The American Antiquarian Society
  • The Beinecke Library, Yale University Library
  • Dumbarton Oaks, Harvard University
  • Forbes Library
  • The Jones Library
  • The Library of Congress
  • Middlebury College Library
  • The Morgan Library & Museum
  • The Monson Free Public Library
  • The New York Public Library
  • Princeton University Library
  • The Robert P. Esty Library
  • The Rosenbach Library
  • Scripps College Library
  • Smith College Libraries
  • The State Historical Society of Iowa
  • Vassar Special Collections 

Location Symbols for Key Archives

A       Amherst College Library. Emily Dickinson Collections [Transcriptions by Mabel Loomis Todd and others are marked as Tr; Printer’s copy for Poems (1896) are marked as 1896PC.]

BPL   Boston Public Library. Thomas Wentworth Higginson Papers Collection

Forbes   Forbes Library, Northampton

H      Houghton Library, Harvard University. Emily Dickinson Collections [Poems associated with Martha Dickinson Bianchi are marked as H B; poems sent to Elizabeth and Josiah Holland are marked as H H; transcriptions supplied by Susan Dickinson are marked as ST]

Y-BRBL     Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University

Scholarly Editions 

R. W. Franklin, ed., The Poems of Emily Dickinson: Variorum Edition. 3 vols. Cambridge, MA, and London, England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1998.
R. W. Franklin, ed., The Manuscript Books of Emily Dickinson. 2 vols. Cambridge, MA, and London, England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1981.
Ellen Louise Hart & Martha Nell Smith, eds., Open Me Carefully: Emily Dickinson’s Intimate Letters to Susan Huntington Dickinson. Ashfield, MA: Paris Press, 1998.
Thomas H. Johnson & Theodora Ward, eds., The Letters of Emily Dickinson.. 3 vols. Cambridge, MA, and London, England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1958.
Cristanne Miller, ed., Emily Dickinson’s Poems as She Preserved Them. Cambridge, MA, and London, England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2016.
Cristanne Miller & Domhnall Mitchell, eds., The Letters of Emily Dickinson. Cambridge, MA, and London, England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2016.
Marta Werner, ed. Radical Scatters: An Electronic Archive of Emily Dickinson’s Late Fragments and Related Texts, 1870-1886. Lincoln: The University of Nebraska, 2007-present.
Marta Werner, ed., Writing in Time: Emily Dickinson’s Master Hours. Amherst: Amherst College Press, 2021. 
Marta Werner & Jen Bervin, Emily Dickinson: The Gorgeous Nothings. New York: New Directions, 2013.

Sources: Bird Archive

Birding Guides + Data Sources

C19

C19 data on the birds’ occurrence, arrival, and departure dates is drawn principally from H. L. Clark’s The Birds of Amherst &Vicinity, including nearly the whole of Hampshire County (1887), originally published in Amherst, Mass., by J. E. Williams and now available via the HathiTrust [1]. Two additional sources—Ebenezer Emmons’s Birds of Massachusetts (1833), originally published in Dr. Edward Hitchcock’s “Report on the Geology, Minerology, Botany and Zoology of Massachusetts”, pp. 528-51, and J. A. Allen’s “Catalogue of the Birds Found at Springfield, Mass., with Notes on their Migrations, Habits, & c., together with a list of those birds found in the State not yet observed at Springfield”, originally published in the Proceedings of the Essex Institute at Salem, Vol. IV, No. 2, September 1864 (HathiTrust) have, on occasion, helped us to partly fill in the record [2]. 

Together these lists suggest the boundaries of the 19th-century’s formal knowledge of Amherst’s and Western Massachusetts’s birds. Now cultural artifacts as much scientific records, they also bear witness to the habits of mind of the observers who made them in an era when Nature was still the Book of Nature. Emmons’s, Allen’s, and Clark’s often telegraphic notes marking, among other things, the first sightings of a bird in spring—“Bobolink. 4 April. Miss Morse” (Clark 1887)—and the last glimpses of it in autumn leaving for its wintering range—“Passes south in November” (Clark 1887)—offer tiny archives of feeling.

C20

By the 20th century, ornithology had evolved into a rigorous scientific discipline, a development reflected in the increasing breadth and depth of available data as well as in changes in the ways data was gathered and reported. While many fine sources were now available to us, we selected as our principal source of data Aaron Clark Bagg and Samuel Atkins Eliot Jr.’s 1937 Birds of the Connecticut Valley in Massachusetts originally published in Northampton, Mass., by The Hampshire Bookshop and available through the HathiTrust for several reasons. Unfolding over 800 pages and including entries on 268 species, this work offers a deep ornithological history of the region composed via the collation of more than a hundred years of observations recorded by earlier natural historians. To this historical information, they add their own, thus inscribing themselves into the record of a world still balanced between subjectivity and empiricism: “Jan. 16, 1931, [a snowy owl] was sighted at sundown flying from Hadley Bridge southward: a huge, white bird flapping silently and low over the still white glistening fields against the purple of Mt. Holyoke in the fast-falling winter twilight” (314). First printed when the Passenger Pigeon Clark had called “common near Amherst” in the spring of 1888 had been extinct for almost a quarter century but also a full quarter century before the wide-spread cultural imagination of a silent spring would take hold, this major work is also a transitional work between two centuries that now seem lightyears apart.

Since Bagg and Eliot’s work is regional rather than local and includes many more birds than those inhabiting or passing through Amherst, we have used David Fischer’s “Annotated List of 234 Amherst Birds,” in Peter Westover’s Birds and Their Habitats in Amherst, Massachusetts with Complete Annotated List of Amherst Birds published by The Hitchcock Center for the Environment, 1977 to determine the C20 birds represented.

C21

In place of the small, rare epiphanies that were the typical rewards of thousands of hours of solitary fieldwork by 19th- and early  20th-century natural historians and ornithologists, the 21st century is witness to and recipient of vast datasets collected by radar networks continually scanning the skies for birds. [3] For 21st-century data, we too have cast our mist-net into the virtual environment, sifting resources including the Cornell Lab of Ornithology (https://www.birds.cornell.edu/home) and Birds of the World (https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/home) as well as regional sources including The Massachusetts Avian Records Committee State List , the Mass Audubon Breeding Bird Atlas 1 Species Accounts, and  Wayne R. Petersen and Brian E. Small’s Field Guide to Birds of Massachusetts, published by Scott & Nix, Inc., 2017.

We begin, however, with small, local data, drawing again on David Fischer’s “Annotated List of 234 Amherst Birds,” in Peter Westover’s Birds and Their Habitats in Amherst, Massachusetts with Complete Annotated List of Amherst Birds (Amherst: Hitchcock Center for the Environment, 1977) and, since this list is still a (late) C20 list, on the Amherst College Bird Survey 2008, to determine the boundaries of the list. This “small” data—what we call “sparrow data”—also reveals is a summons to us to to us a new and urgent need to count and care for the least of things, for birds and poems. [4]

Habitat and Nest Materials

Data on habitat and nest materials has been gathered from Audubon’s Field Guide to North American Birds and from the Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology,  as well as from the key sources of data for this site: e.g. Clark 1887 and 1906 and Bagg & Eliot 1937.

Global Conservation Status (current)  

Conservation data on Dickinson’s birds in our century is readily available. Our primary source for this information is the IUCN Red List. In future, we plan to include regional conservation information. For the specific environmental threats to birds occurring in North America, The American Bird Conservancy site is an excellent resource.

Body Masses of Birds

Raw data on the masses of birds was found in Dunning, JB. Body masses of North American birds. Ghadrdan M, editor. Eugene (OR): The IWRC; 2018. 

Bird-Sound Sources

The website https://xeno-canto.org/, created in 2005 by Bob Planque and William-Pier Vellinga, and administrated by the Netherlands-based Xeno-canto foundation (Stichting Xeno-canto voor natuurgeluiden), is the primary source of the sound and sonogram files used in Dickinson’s Birds. Xeno-canto is committed to education, conservation, and science, and their recordings are shared under various Creative Commons licenses (see links below) that generally allow not only for the embedding and circulation of the sound and sonograph files from their archive in projects outside that archive but also for the remixing and transformation of the original recordings. We are deeply grateful to XenoCanto for their mission and to the individual recordists whose work in the field made this site possible. The following list identifies — by bird and recordist — every file we have used here:

Acadian Flycatcher

Sue Riffe, Acadian Flycatcher. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/416786. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Alder Flycatcher

Martin St-Michel, Alder Flycatcher. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/550421. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

American Wigeon

Paul Marvin, American Wigeon. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/384955. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Arctic Redpoll [also: Hoary Redpoll]

Andrew Spencer, Arctic Redpoll. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/142566. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/)

Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker [also: Black-backed Woodpecker]

Bruce Lagerquist, Black-backed Woodpecker. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/482563. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Baird’s Sandpiper

Andrew Spencer, Baird’s Sandpiper. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/185621. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Bald Eagle

Russ Wigh, Bald Eagle. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/769877. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Baltimore Oriole

Christopher McPherson, Baltimore Oriole. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/600290. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Barn Owl

Millon Xavier, Western Barn Owl. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/683608. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Barn Swallow

Susanne Kuijpers, Barn Swallow. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/664750. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Barred Owl

Ron Overholtz, Barred Owl. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/580532. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Bay-breasted Warbler

Matt Wistrand, Bay-breasted Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/560746. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Belted Kingfisher

Russ Wigh, Belted Kingfisher. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/590595. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Bittern

Hal Mitchell, American Bittern. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/310044. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Black Duck

Andrew Spencer, American Black Duck. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/203262. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Black Tern

Isain Contreras Rodríguez, Black Tern. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/570019. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Black-and-white Warbler

Doug Hynes, Black-and-white Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/613378. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)

Black-billed Cuckoo

 Jacob Saucier, Black-billed Cuckoo. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/500139. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Black-capped Chickadee

Thomas Ryder Payne, Black-capped Chickadee. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/636533. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Black-crowned Night Heron

Gabriel Morales, Black-crowned Night Heron. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/588337. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Black-headed Grosbeak

Thomas Magarian, Black-headed Grosbeak. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/700885. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Black-throated Blue Warbler 

Sue Riffe, Black-throated Blue Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/626751. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Black-throated Green Warbler

Jacob Saucier, Black-throated Green Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/501262. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Blackburnian Warbler

 Christopher McPherson, Blackburnian Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/600509. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Blackpoll Warbler

Lucas Berrigan, Blackpoll Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/328797. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Blue Grosbeak

Manuel Grosselet, Blue Grosbeak. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/744812. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Blue Jay

Christopher McPherson, Blue Jay. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/640349. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Blue-grey Gnatcatcher

Keith Corliss, Blue-grey Gnatcatcher. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/661346. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Blue-winged Teal

Fernando Castro, Blue-winged Teal. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/501464. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Blue-winged Warbler

Phil Brown, Blue-winged Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/428495. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Bluebird

Christopher McPherson, Eastern Bluebird. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/601011. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Bobolink

Gabriel Leite, Bobolink. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/420908. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Bob-white [also: Quail]

Max Noack, Northern Bobwhite. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/502739. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Bohemian Waxwing

Jarek Matusiak, Bohemian Waxwing. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/517421. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Boreal Chickadee [also: Acadian Chickadee]

James Bradley, Boreal Chickadee. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/336433. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Brant Goose

Bruce Lagerquist, Brant Goose. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/619269. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Broad-winged Hawk

Christopher McPherson, Broad-winged Hawk. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/691176. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Brown Creeper

Richard E. Webster, Brown Creeper. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/440579. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Brown Thrasher [also: Brown Thrush]

Doug Welch, Brown Thrasher. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/420604. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Brown-headed Cowbird

Bobby Wilcox, Brown-headed Cowbird. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/645520. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Canadian Flycatching Warbler [also: Canada Warbler]

Meena Haribal, Canada Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/561374. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Cape May Warbler

Martin St-Michel, Cape May Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/319513. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Cardinal [also: Cardinal-Bird]

Scott Crabtree, Northern Cardinal. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/872638. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Carolina Wren

Russ Wigh, Carolina Wren. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/654818. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Cattle Egret (Western)

Stanislas Wroza, Western Cattle Egret. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/372953. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Cedar-Bird [also: Cedar Waxwing]

Jorge Medina-Madrid, Cedar Waxwing. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/609497. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Cerulean Warbler

Matt Wistrand, Cerulean Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/420726. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Chestnut-sided Warbler

Meena Haribal, Chestnut-sided Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/563741. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Chimney Swallow [also: Chimney Swift]

Dan Lane, Chimney Swift. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/180468. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Chipping Sparrow

Jim Berry, Chipping Sparrow. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/645149. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Clapper Rail

Nils Navarro, Clapper Rail. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/659432. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Clay-colored Sparrow

James Bradley, Clay-colored Sparrow. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/379021. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Cliff Swallow

Andrew Spencer, American Cliff Swallow. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/203606.[File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Connecticut Warbler

Don Gorney, Connecticut Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/371379. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Cooper’s Hawk

Sunny Tseng, Cooper’s Hawk. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/720968. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Coot

Sunny Tseng, American Coot. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/531516. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Crow

Caio Brito, American Crow. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/556240. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Dark-eyed Junco [also: Snowbird]

Ned Bohman, Dark-eyed Junco. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/660255. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Dickcissel

Paul Driver, Dickcissel. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/658540. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Dipper Duck [also: Common Grebe]

Max Noack, American Dipper Duck. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/502746. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Downy Woodpecker

Don Henise, Downy Woodpecker. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/897608. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Dunlin

Ricardo Hevia, Dunlin. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/674563. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Eider Duck

Lars Edenius, Common Eider. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/549046. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Evening Grosbeak

Matt Wistrand, Evening Grosbeak. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/374106. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Field Sparrow

Brian Hendrix, Field Sparrow. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/489162. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Flicker [also: Golden-winged Woodpecker]

Bruce Lagerquist, Northern Flicker. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/604689. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Gadwall

Beatrix Saadi-Varchmin, Gadwall. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/674472. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Gallinule

Richard E. Webster, Common Gallinule. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/465598. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Glossy Ibis

Jordi Calvet, Glossy Ibis. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/530552. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Golden Eagle

Lars Edenius, Golden Eagle. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/453324. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Golden Plover

Andrew Spencer, Golden Plover. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/149502. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/)

Golden-crowned Kinglet

Sue Riffe, Golden-crowned Kinglet. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/419366. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Golden-winged Warbler

Paul Driver, Golden-winged Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/658548. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Goldfinch

Sue Riffe, American Goldfinch. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/612292. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Goshawk

Stanislas Wroza, Northern Goshawk. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/626549. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Grackle [also: Crow Blackbird]

David Darrell-Lambert, Common Grackle. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/476561. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Grass Wren [also: Short-billed Marsh Wren; Short-billed Sedge Wren]

 Manuel Grosselet, Grass Wren. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/579160. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Great Blue Heron

Sue Riffe, Great Blue Heron. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/419194. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Great Crested Flycatcher

Bernard Bousquet, Great Crested Flycatcher. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/587977. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Great Egret [also: Great White Egret]

Manuel Grosselet, Great Egret. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/663143. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Great Grey Owl

Lars Edenius, Great Grey Owl. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/653979. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Great Horned Owl

Christopher McPherson, Great Horned Owl. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/691461.  [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Greater Yellowlegs 

Patricio Mena Valenzuela, Greater Yellowlegs. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/477317. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Green Heron

Johana Zuluaga-Bonilla, Green Heron. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/153094. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/)

Green-winged Teal

Ves, Green-winged Teal. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/459927. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Grey Catbird

Sunny, Grey catbird. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/484144. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Grey Plover [also: Black-bellied Plover]

Uku Paal, Grey Plover. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/675209. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Grey-cheeked Thrush

Seth Beaudreault (Toolik Field Station), Grey-cheeked Thrush. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/940496. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Gyrfalcon

Stein Ø. Nilsen, Gyrfalcon. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/428386. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Hairy Woodpecker

Manuel Grosselet, Hairy Woodpecker. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/681647. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Harrier [also: Marsh Hawk] 

J.R. Rigby, Northern Harrier. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/290060. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Harris’s Sparrow

Ian Cruickshank, Harris’s Sparrow. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/210755. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Hawk Owl

Stein Ø. Nilsen, Northern Hawk Owl. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/148674. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/)

Henslow’s Sparrow [also: Henslow’s Bunting]

David A. Brinkman, Henslow’s Sparrow. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/807504. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Hermit Thrush

Steve Hampton, Hermit Thrush. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/558358. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Herring Gull 

William Whitehead, American Herring Gull. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/510712. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Hooded Merganser 

Jim Berry, Hooded Merganser. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/317679. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Hooded Warbler

Jacob Saucier, Hooded Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/499557. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Horned Lark

Frode Falkenberg, Horned Lark. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/658883. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

House Finch

Paul Marvin, House Finch. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/679337. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

House Sparrow [also: English Sparrow]

João Tomás, House Sparrow. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/952608. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

House Wren

Thomas Magarian, House Wren. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/658907. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Hudsonian Godwit [also: Hudsonian Curlew]

Bernabe Lopez-Lanus, Hudsonian Godwit. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/48617. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/)

Indian Peafowl [also: Peacock]

Francesco Barberini, Indian Peafowl. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/812476. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Indigo Bunting [also: Indigo-Bird]

David Welch, Indigo Bunting. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/579108. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Kentucky Warbler

Sue Riffe, Kentucky Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/417604. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Killdeer [also: Killdeer Plover]

Nick Komar, Killdeer. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/321383. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

King Bird

Meena Haribal, Eastern Kingbird. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/561409. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

King Rail

John Hoye, King Rail. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/139985. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/)

Lapland Longspur

Stein Ø. Nilsen, Lapland Longspur. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/663131. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Lapwing

Paul Kelly, Northern Lapwing. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/897850. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Lark Sparrow

Brad Banner, Lark Sparrow. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/684352. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Least Bittern

Henry Miller Alexandre, Least Bittern. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/499833. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Least Flycatcher

Jim Berry, Least Flycatcher. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/472219. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Least Sandpiper

Paul Marvin, Least Sandpiper. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/453003. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Lesser Scaup

Thomas Magarian, Lesser Scaup. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/334315. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Lesser Yellowlegs [also: Lesser Tell-Tale]

Jayrson Araujo De Oliveira, Lesser Yellowlegs. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/674365. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Lincoln’s Sparrow [also: Lincoln’s Finch]

Sue Riffe, Lincoln’s Sparrow. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/494247. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Little Auk [also: Dovekie]

Stein Ø. Nilsen, Little Auk. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/191434. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Loggerhead Shrike [also: White-rumped Loggerhead Shrike]

Ed Pandolfino, Loggerhead Shrike. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/455607. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Long-eared Owl

Adam Gruszczyński, Long-eared Owl. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/662640. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Loon [also: Great Northern Diver]

Valerie Heemstra, Common Loon. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/832712. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Louisiana Waterthrush [also: Long-billed Waterthrush]

Sue Riffe, Louisiana Waterthrush. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/417605. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Magnolia Warbler [also: Black-and-Yellow Warbler]

Sue Riffe, Magnolia Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/382124. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Mallard

Richard Brahmstaedt, Mallard. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/893489. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Marsh Wren

Paul Marvin, Marsh Wren. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/582639. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Meadowlark

Manuel Grosselet, Eastern Meadowlark. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/645463. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Merganser

Lars Edenius, Common Merganser. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/644424. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Merlin [also: Pigeon Hawk]

Andrew Harrop, Merlin. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/597137. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Mockingbird 

David A. Brinkman, Northern Mockingbird. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/677297. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Mourning Dove [also: Carolina Dove]

Bruce Lagerquist, Mourning Dove. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/430095. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Mourning Warbler

Paul Driver, Mourning Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/448187. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Mute Swan

Dean McDonnell, Mute Swan. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/787572. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Myrtle Warbler

Martin St-Michel, Myrtle Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/467698. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Nashville Warbler

Bobby Wilcox, Nashville Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/570338. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Nighthawk (Common)

Christopher Takacs, Common Nighthawk. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/583103. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Nightingale

Jorge Leitão, Nightingale. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/897939. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Olive-sided Flycatcher

Jayrson Araujo De Oliveira, Olive-sided Flycatcher. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/534098. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Orange-crowned Warbler

Steve Hampton, Orange-crowned Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/656348. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Orchard Oriole

Eric Zawatski, Orchard Oriole. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/559298. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Osprey [also: Fish Hawk]

Manuel Grosselet, Western Osprey. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/573484. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Ovenbird [also: Golden-crowned Thrush]

Russ Wigh, Ovenbird. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/570992. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Palm Warbler [also: Yellow Red-Poll Warbler]

Richard E. Webster, Palm Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/189607. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Parula [also: Blue Yellow-backed Warbler]

Russ Wigh, Northern Parula. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/570973. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Pectoral Sandpiper

Patrik Åberg, Pectoral Sandpiper. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/406470. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Peregrine Falcon [also: Duck Hawk]

Gabriel Leite, Peregrine Falcon. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/357721. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Pheasant

Ireneusz Oleksik, Common Pheasant. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/641398. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Philadelphia Vireo 

Sue Riffe, Philadelphia Vireo. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/624416. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Phoebe

Lance A. M. Benner, Eastern Phoebe. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/323217. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Pileated Woodpecker

Christopher McPherson, Pileated Woodpecker. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/599834. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Pine Grosbeak

Diane Labarre, Pine Grosbeak. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/452496. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Pine Siskin [also: Pine Finch] 

Richard E. Webster, Pine Siskin. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/677395. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Pine Warbler [also: Pine-creeping Warbler]

Christopher McPherson, Pine Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/602049. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Pintail [also: Pin-tailed Duck]

Jens Kirkeby, Northern Pintail. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/381982. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Piping Plover

Patrick Turgeon, Piping Plover. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/328023. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Prairie Warbler

Eric Zawatski, Prairie Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/583820. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Prothonotary Warbler

David Darrell-Lambert, Prothonotary Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/476998. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Purple Finch [also: Linnet]

Ed Pandolfino, Purple Finch. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/655762. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Purple Martin

Scott Olmstead, Purple Martin. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/675811. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Raven

Hannu Varkki, Northern Raven. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/552737. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Red Crossbill [also: Common Crossbill]

Lars Edenius, Red Crossbill. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/668643. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Red Fox Sparrow [also: Fox Sparrow; Fox-colored Sparrow]

Doug Hynes, Red Fox Sparrow. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/613533. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)

Red Phalarope [also: Northern Phalarope]

Stein Ø. Nilsen, Red Phalarope. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/424557. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Red-bellied Woodpecker

Brian Hendrix, Red-bellied Woodpecker. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/563618. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Red-breasted Merganser

Andrew Spencer, Red-breasted Merganser. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/141724. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/)

Red-breasted Nuthatch

Gabriel Leite, Red-breasted Nuthatch. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/421281. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Red-eyed Vireo

Sue Riffe, Red-eyed Vireo. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/624419. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Red-headed Woodpecker

John A. Middleton Jr., Red-headed Woodpecker. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/733262. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Red-necked Grebe

Uku Paal, Red-necked Grebe. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/804821. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Red-shouldered Hawk

Brian Hendrix, Red-shouldered Hawk. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/564543. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Red-tailed Hawk

William Whitehead, Red-tailed Hawk. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/573429. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Red-winged Blackbird

Ed Pandolfino, Red-winged Blackbird. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/651824. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Redpoll [also: Lesser Redpoll] 

Juha Saari, Common Redpoll. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/610600. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Redstart

Melissa Hafting, American Redstart. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/566620. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Ring-billed Gull 

Stanislas Wroza, Ring-billed Gull. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/417720. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Robin

Aziza Cooper, American Robin. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/647154. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Rock Dove [also: Rock Pigeon]

Sreekumar Chirukandoth, Rock Dove. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/636632. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Rose-breasted Grosbeak

Nick Komar, Rose-breasted Grosbeak. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/572067. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Rough-legged Buzzard [also: Rough-legged Hawk]

Lars Edenius, Rough-legged Buzzard. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/645345. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Rough-winged Swallow

Paul Marvin, Northern Rough-winged Swallow. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/534846. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Ruby-crowned Kinglet

Richard E. Webster, Ruby-crowned Kinglet. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/628827. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Ruby-throated Hummingbird

Patrick Turgeon, Ruby-throated Hummingbird. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/139834. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/)

Ruddy Pigeom [We have used the song of this New World bird to call attention to the absent song of its extinct kin: the Passenger or Wild Pigeon.]

Jarrod Swackhamer, Ruddy Pigeon. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/521570. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/

Ruffed Grouse [also: Partridge]

Jeff Dyck, Ruffed Grouse. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/416168.  [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Rusty Blackbird [also: Rusty Grackle]

Mike Schanbacher, Rusty Blackbird. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/682348. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Sand Martin

Xavier Riera, Sand Martin. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/654974. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Sanderling

Jorge Leitão, Sanderling. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/767560. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Savannah Sparrow

Manuel Grosselet, Savannah Sparrow. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/669262. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Saw-whet Owl

Ted Floyd, Northern Saw-whet Owl. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/565795. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Scarlet Tanager

David Welch, Scarlet Tanager. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/572254. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Scissor-tailed Flycatcher

Joshua Stevenson, Scissor-tailed Flycatcher. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/247701. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Screech Owl

Paul Driver, Eastern Screech Owl. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/833215. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Semipalmated Plover 

Nick Komar, Semipalmated Plover. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/667364. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Semipalmated Sandpiper

Steve Hampton, Semipalmated Sandpiper. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/420273. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Sharp-shinned Hawk

Anderson Felipe, Sharp-shinned Hawk. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/451365. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Short-eared Owl

Romuald Mikusek, Short-eared Owl. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/669606. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Shoveler [also: Shoveller Duck]

Stein Ø. Nilsen, Northern Shoveler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/371900. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Shrike [also: Great Northern Shrike]

Matt Longabaugh, Northern Shrike. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/559956. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Snow Bunting

Peter Stronach, Snow Bunting. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/570027. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Snow Goose

Paul Marvin, Snow Goose. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/143615. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/)

Snowy Egret [also: Snowy Heron]

Bernabe Lopez-Lanus, Snowy Egret. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/50905. [File Modified].( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/)

Snowy Owl

Tero Linjama, Snowy Owl. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/343144. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Solitary Sandpiper

Jayrson Araujo De Oliveira, Solitary Sandpiper. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/443440. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Solitary Vireo [also: Blue-headed Vireo]

Caio Brito, Blue-headed Vireo. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/556669. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Song Sparrow

Paul Marvin, Song Sparrow. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/664838. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Sora [also: Carolina Rail]

Eric DeFonso, Sora. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/580996. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Sparrow Hawk [also: Kestrel]

Jayrson Araujo De Oliveira, American Kestrel. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/674589. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Spotted Sandpiper

Paul Marvin, Spotted Sandpiper. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/232636. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Starling

Stanislas Wroza, Common Starling. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/682941. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Summer Tanager

Mauricio Cuellar Ramirez (@Birding.travel), Summer Tanager. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/609577. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Swainson’s Thrush [also: Olive-backed Thrush]

Thomas Magarian, Swainson’s Thrush. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/663761. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Swamp Sparrow

Doug Hynes, Swamp Sparrow. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/613096. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)

Tennessee Warbler

Keith Corliss, Tennessee Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/661274. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Titlark [also: Buff-bellied Pipit]

Andrew Spencer, Buff-bellied Pipit. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/203608. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Towhee [also: Chewink]

Brian Hendrix, Eastern Towhee. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/575699. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Tree Sparrow

Steve Hampton, American Tree Sparrow. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/562185. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Tree Swallow [also: White-bellied Swallow]

William Whitehead, Tree Swallow. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/544225. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Tufted Titmouse

Jim Berry, Tufted Titmouse. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/649331. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Tundra Swan [also: Whistling Swan]

Michel Veldt, Tundra Swan. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/834093. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Turkey Vulture

Guillermo Treboux, Turkey Vulture. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/748979. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Two-barred Crossbill [also: White-winged Crossbill]

Stein Ø. Nilsen, Two-barred Crossbill. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/503029. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Upland Sandpiper [also: Upland Plover]

Matt Wistrand, Upland Sandpiper. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/656680. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Veery [also: Wilson’s Thrush]

Sue Riffe, Veery. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/574514. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Vesper Sparrow [also: Bay-winged Bunting]

Bruce Lagerquist, Vesper Sparrow. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/714140. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Virginia Rail

Scott Crabtree, Virginia Rail. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/621187. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Warbling Vireo 

Manuel Grosselet, Warbling Vireo. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/650401. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Waterthrush [also: Short-billed Waterthrush]

Matt Wistrand, Northern Waterthrush. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/414095. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Western Kingbird

Ed Pandolfino, Western Kingbird. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/570382. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Western Meadowlark

Paul Marvin, Western Meadowlark. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/698318. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Western Tanager [also: Wing-barred Tanager]

Sue Riffe, Western Tanager. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/494384. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Whip-poor-will

Sue Riffe, Eastern Whip-poor-will. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/860759. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

White-breasted Nuthatch [also: White-bellied Nuthatch] 

Sue Riffe, White-breasted Nuthatch. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/381798. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

White-crowned Sparrow

Steve Hampton, White-crowned Sparrow. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/656355. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

White-eyed Vireo

Keith Corliss, White-eyed Vireo. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/660444. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

White-throated Sparrow

Stanislas Wroza, White-throated Sparrow. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/730547. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Wild Goose [also: Canada Goose]

Stanislas Wroza, Canada Goose. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/557197. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Willow Flycatcher [also: Traill’s Flycatcher]

Phil Brown, Willow Flycatcher. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/433073. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Wilson’s Snipe 

Steve Hampton, Wilson’s Snipe. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/420227. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Wilson’s Warbler [also: Black-capped Flycatching Warbler]

Linzy, Wilson’s Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/665160. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Winter Wren

Jim Berry, Winter Wren. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/721750. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Wood Duck

Antonio Xeira, Wood Duck. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/347194. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Wood Pewee

Steve Hampton, Eastern Wood Pewee. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/666125. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Wood Thrush

Brian Hendrix, Wood Thrush. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/565547. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Woodcock

John Baur, American Woodcock. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/538039. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Worm-eating Warbler

Ted Floyd, Worm-eating Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/368400. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Yellow Rail

Peter Wilton, Yellow Rail. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/344711. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)

Yellow Warbler

Sue Riffe, Yellow Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/665660. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Yellow-bellied Flycatcher

Jarquín G. Orlando, Yellow-bellied Flycatcher. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/335895. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Yellow-bellied Sapsucker [also: Yellow-bellied Woodpecker]

Steve Pelikan, Yellow-bellied Sapsucker. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/302918. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Yellow-billed Cuckoo

Marcelo da Rocha, Yellow-billed Cuckoo. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/684511. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Yellow-breasted Chat [also: Yellowthroat]

 Richard E. Webster, Yellow-breasted Chat. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/619198. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Yellow-throated Vireo

Keith Corliss, Yellow-throated Vireo. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/661304. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Yellowthroat [also: Maryland Yellowthroat]

Thomas Magarian, Common Yellowthroat. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/531276. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) 

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Xeno Canto @ https://www.xeno-canto.org.

Notes

[1] Clark’s list incorporates data from the 1880 lists made by another Amherst resident, W. A. Stearns, whose annotated list of the birds of Amherst was published in The Amherst Record: June 13, July 11, 18, 25, and August 8, 1883. Since Dickinson only ever used the common names for birds in her poems, many of whom exist in multiple species, a given bird’s identification in her work remains unsettled. In these cases, which include Blackbirds, Cuckoos, Eagles, Orioles, Owls, Plovers, Sparrows, Swans and Wrens, we have included as possibilities all species listed by H. L. Clark in The Birds of Amherst & Hampshire County (1887).

[2] Emmons’ 1833 record, published in that year in Edward Hitchcock’s “Report on the Geology, Minerology, Botany and Zoology of Massachusetts,” identifies 160 bird species in Massachusetts. The original MS was described as “written by Professor Emmons, in ink, in a small and cramped hand, and cover[ing] seven pages of foolscap” by Ruthven Deane (see The Auk 18.4 [1901]: 403-05.).  Allen’s 1864 Catalogue of the Birds found at Springfield, Mass., with notes on their Migrations, Habits, etc.; together with a List of those Birds found in the State and not yet observed at Springfield, originally printed in the September issue of the Proceedings of the Essex Institute at Salem, Vol. IV, No. 2, greatly extends Emmons’ record, contributing notes on 296 species of birds he identified in the State. Given Springfield’s geographical proximity to Amherst, Allen’s notes on the 195 birds he observed in this location are especially salutary.

[3] The Cornell Lab’s BirdCast project, for example, currently scans the night skies via the Nexrad radar network, conjuring localized bird-migration forecasts via a fusion of machine learning, cloud computing, and big-data analytics.

[4] In the last fifty years, almost 30% of all North American birds have disappeared, with extensive losses in bird populations from every habitat (link).